Composite materials in automotive industry: A review

Kompozitni materijali se primenjuju u mnogim granama industrije, uključujući i automobilsku. Vozila treba da budu laka, imaju nizak nivo izduvne emisije i potrošnje energije u cilju zaštite životne sredine, dok posedovanjem velike čvrstoće i jačine unapređuje bezbednost putnika. Ove zahteve moguće je ispuniti korišćenjem kompozitnih materijala. Premda se kompoziti koriste u industriji decenijama, u automobilskoj je njihova upotreba prilično nova, što zahteva razvoj drugačijeg procesa projektovanja i proizvodnje, ispitivanja i reciklaže. Ovaj rad navodi detalje po kojima se primena kompozita u auto industriji razlikuje od primene u drugim granama industrije. Deo koji se odnosi na reciklažu opisuje osnovne metode reciklaže, povezane zakone i primenu produkata reciklaže. Takođe, radom se ističe specifična primena kompozita koja pokazuje visok nivo inovativnosti - hibridni i prirodni kompoziti, strukturne baterije i vozila visokih performansi.Composite materials have found extensive use among many industries including automotive. Vehicles are supposed to be lightweight, have low emission and energy consumption to provide some environmental protection while having appropriate stiffness and strength to assure occupant protection. These requirements can be met with the use of composite materials. Although composites have been present in the industry for decades, their use in the automotive sector is moderately new, which requires development in design and manufacturing processes, testing, and recycling - this paper indicates the details by which the automotive industry differs from others. Principal recycling methods, related legislation, and where recycling products are used are described. Specific uses of composite materials that show a high level of innovativeness are indicated - hybrid and natural composites, structural batteries, and high-performance vehicles

Composite materials in automotive industry: A review

Kompozitni materijali se primenjuju u mnogim granama industrije, uključujući i automobilsku. Vozila treba da budu laka, imaju nizak nivo izduvne emisije i potrošnje energije u cilju zaštite životne sredine, dok posedovanjem velike čvrstoće i jačine unapređuje bezbednost putnika. Ove zahteve moguće je ispuniti korišćenjem kompozitnih materijala. Premda se kompoziti koriste u industriji decenijama, u automobilskoj je njihova upotreba prilično nova, što zahteva razvoj drugačijeg procesa projektovanja i proizvodnje, ispitivanja i reciklaže. Ovaj rad navodi detalje po kojima se primena kompozita u auto industriji razlikuje od primene u drugim granama industrije. Deo koji se odnosi na reciklažu opisuje osnovne metode reciklaže, povezane zakone i primenu produkata reciklaže. Takođe, radom se ističe specifična primena kompozita koja pokazuje visok nivo inovativnosti - hibridni i prirodni kompoziti, strukturne baterije i vozila visokih performansi.Composite materials have found extensive use among many industries including automotive. Vehicles are supposed to be lightweight, have low emission and energy consumption to provide some environmental protection while having appropriate stiffness and strength to assure occupant protection. These requirements can be met with the use of composite materials. Although composites have been present in the industry for decades, their use in the automotive sector is moderately new, which requires development in design and manufacturing processes, testing, and recycling - this paper indicates the details by which the automotive industry differs from others. Principal recycling methods, related legislation, and where recycling products are used are described. Specific uses of composite materials that show a high level of innovativeness are indicated - hybrid and natural composites, structural batteries, and high-performance vehicles

The analysis of gear shift indicator test results

Analizirani su rezultati dobijeni ispitivanjima prema Pravilniku (EU) 65/2012, koji se odnosi na indikatore promene stepena prenosa, na 59 različitih vozila. Osnovni parametri analize su vrednosti brzine vozila pri kojima indikator preporučuje promenu stepena prenosa i njihova odstupanja od standardnih brzina u kojima se menjaju prenosni odnosi u toku ispitivanja izduvne emisije prema Testu I UNECE pravilnika broj 83, pri čemu je zaključeno da standardne brzine treba revidirati. Analizirane su i relativne uštede goriva za slučajeve promene stepena prenosa prema indikatoru i prema standardnim brzinama (prosečna 5,2%, maksimalna 19,9%). Takođe, pokazano je da sledeći preporuke indikatora, automatski menjači u manuelnom modu pružaju mogućnost veće uštede nego manuelni menjači. Zaključeno je da se statistička analiza o tome u kojoj meri vozači poštuju preporuke indikatora može iskoristiti za unapređenje trenutno važećih ispitivanja samih indikatora, potrošnje goriva i izduvne emisije.The results of tests according to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 regarding gear shift indicators on 59 different vehicles are analyzed. Primary parameters were the vehicle speeds at which the gear shift is indicated through gear shift indicator (GSI), and based on their deviation from standard gear shift points defined for type I emission tests in UNECE Regulation No 83, it is concluded that standard gear shift points need to be revised. Relative fuel savings when shifting according to GSI instructions compared to standard gear shift points were analyzed (average 5.2%, maximum 19.9%). It is also shown that automaatic transmission gave bigger fuel saving when manual mode is used according to GSI, compared to manual transmission, also used with GSI. It is concluded that statistical analysis on how drivers follow GSI instructions may be used to improve current test procedures for GSI efficiency, fuel consumption measurement and emission tests

The analysis of gear shift indicator test results

Analizirani su rezultati dobijeni ispitivanjima prema Pravilniku (EU) 65/2012, koji se odnosi na indikatore promene stepena prenosa, na 59 različitih vozila. Osnovni parametri analize su vrednosti brzine vozila pri kojima indikator preporučuje promenu stepena prenosa i njihova odstupanja od standardnih brzina u kojima se menjaju prenosni odnosi u toku ispitivanja izduvne emisije prema Testu I UNECE pravilnika broj 83, pri čemu je zaključeno da standardne brzine treba revidirati. Analizirane su i relativne uštede goriva za slučajeve promene stepena prenosa prema indikatoru i prema standardnim brzinama (prosečna 5,2%, maksimalna 19,9%). Takođe, pokazano je da sledeći preporuke indikatora, automatski menjači u manuelnom modu pružaju mogućnost veće uštede nego manuelni menjači. Zaključeno je da se statistička analiza o tome u kojoj meri vozači poštuju preporuke indikatora može iskoristiti za unapređenje trenutno važećih ispitivanja samih indikatora, potrošnje goriva i izduvne emisije.The results of tests according to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 regarding gear shift indicators on 59 different vehicles are analyzed. Primary parameters were the vehicle speeds at which the gear shift is indicated through gear shift indicator (GSI), and based on their deviation from standard gear shift points defined for type I emission tests in UNECE Regulation No 83, it is concluded that standard gear shift points need to be revised. Relative fuel savings when shifting according to GSI instructions compared to standard gear shift points were analyzed (average 5.2%, maximum 19.9%). It is also shown that automaatic transmission gave bigger fuel saving when manual mode is used according to GSI, compared to manual transmission, also used with GSI. It is concluded that statistical analysis on how drivers follow GSI instructions may be used to improve current test procedures for GSI efficiency, fuel consumption measurement and emission tests

The future (and the present) of motor vehicle propulsion systems

Limited reserves of oil and the increasing environmental effect of its usage as a motor fuel represent global issue related to the constantly increasing number of motor vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of the fossil fuel consumed and the emission produced in internal combustion engines is the primary goal of the development of motor vehicle propulsion systems. In that sense, the present and the future of motor vehicles relies on hybrid drive systems, electric drive systems and drive systems which use hydrogen as a fuel (either by its combustion or by production of electric energy with the help of fuel cells). In this paper, the authors have presented the aforementioned motor vehicle propulsion systems by explaining their function and design, their basic elements and their functions. Authors have also analysed advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned propulsion systems in comparison to conventional internal combustion engine based systems, both technically and environmentally speaking, but also in relation to available infrastructure and energy resources

Impact of the damper characteristics on the behavior of suspension system and the whole vehicle

Damper asymmetry is a phenomenon for which there is no confirmed explanation in the literature, although it is present in almost all variants of telescopic dampers. This paper analyzes the influence of various characteristics of dampers, both symmetrical and asymmetrical, on the behavior of the suspension system and the whole vehicle. Different tests have been carried out, and they simulate the different types of vehicle movement that are present in exploitation. The simulation was performed in CarSim 8 software package for the vehicle with chosen characteristics. Appropriate conclusions were drawn on the basis of the conducted research, i.e. the differences in the behavior of the suspension system and the vehicle depending on the selected characteristics of the damper are shown

The future (and the present) of motor vehicle propulsion systems

Limited reserves of oil and the increasing environmental effect of its usage as a motor fuel represent global issue related to the constantly increasing number of motor vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of the fossil fuel consumed and the emission produced in internal combustion engines is the primary goal of the development of motor vehicle propulsion systems. In that sense, the present and the future of motor vehicles relies on hybrid drive systems, electric drive systems and drive systems which use hydrogen as a fuel (either by its combustion or by production of electric energy with the help of fuel cells). In this paper, the authors have presented the aforementioned motor vehicle propulsion systems by explaining their function and design, their basic elements and their functions. Authors have also analysed advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned propulsion systems in comparison to conventional internal combustion engine based systems, both technically and environmentally speaking, but also in relation to available infrastructure and energy resources

Advanced rule-based energy management for better fuel economy of hybrid electric tracked vehicle

Sva nedavna tehnološka dostignuća na polju raspodele snage između pogonskih agregata u hibridnim guseničnim vozilima su uglavnom teško primenjiva i teška za izračunavanje što ih čini nepraktičnim za primenu u stvarnom vremenu. U ovom radu predložena je nova strategija upravljanja paralelnim hibridnim električnim guseničnim vozilima zasnovana na robusnoj i jednostavnoj termostatskoj strategiji sa dodatkom nekih karakteristika power-follower strategije (PFCS). Cilj strategije upravljanja je smanjenje potrošnje goriva. Kao referentno vozilo izabrano je borbeno vozilo pešadije BVP M80-A domaće proizvodnje. U svrhu validacije, u Simulink okruženju je kreiran (backward-looking) model realnog vozila. Analiza rezultata pokazuje da predložena strategija upravljanja omogućava uštedu goriva od 12,8%, a istovremeno efikasno održava stanje napunjenosti baterije (SOC). Još bolji rezultati (23,2%) postignuti su primenom predložene strategije na modelu sa dodatim generatorom za dopunu baterije. Zaključeno je da se dodatna poboljšanja mogu postići kombinovanom optimizacijom konstrukcionih parametara vozila i parametara modela upravljanja.All recent technological developments in the field of power distribution in hybrid electric tracked vehicles are often hard to apply and carry high computational burden which makes them impractical for real-time applications. In this paper, a novel control strategy is proposed for parallel hybrid electric tracked vehicle based on robust and easy to implement thermostat strategy with added merits of power follower control strategy (PFCS). The goal of the control strategy is enhanced fuel economy. Serbian infantry fighting vehicle BVP M80-A is chosen as the reference vehicle. For the purpose of validation, a backward-looking, high fidelity model is created in Simulink environment. Investigation of the results indicates that the proposed control strategy offers 12.8% better fuel economy while effectively maintaining battery state of charge (SOC). Even better results (23.2%) were achieved applying the proposed strategy to a model with an additional generator. It is concluded that further improvements can be made with combined sizing and control optimization

Technical regulations and conditions for importing passenger vehicles on the territory of Southeast Europe

Ovaj rad se bavi tehničkim propisima u oblasti homologacije vozila, kao i uslovima za uvoz putničkih vozila. Područje koje je analizirano obuhvata region jugoistočne Evrope, odnosno sve republike nekadašnje Jugoslavije, i dodatno, teritoriju Albanije. Rad je baziran na dva ključna, paralelna sistema koji definišu uslove i kriterijume za uvoz vozila na teritorijama pomenutih država, i to na: propisima Ekonomske komisije za Evropu Ujedinjenih nacija (UNECE), i propisima Evropske unije (EU). Obe grupe ovih propisa, koji su u značajnoj meri kompatibilni, su detaljno analizirane, sa posebnim akcentom na njihovu primenu u regionu jugoistočne Evrope, i to kroz analizu propisa svih država i teritorija pojedinačno. Nadalje, rad se bavi i kratkoročnim predviđanjima, do kraja 2012. godine, u pogledu izmene tehničkih propisa i uslova za uvoz vozila. Zaključna razmatranja uključuju i dugoročna predviđanja u pogledu pomenutih propisa na predmetnoj teritoriji.This paper deals with technical regulations in the area of vehicle type approval, and conditions for importing passenger vehicles. The territory analyzed comprises the region of Southeast Europe, that is, all former Yugoslav republics, with the addition of Albania. The paper is based on two key, parallel systems which define the conditions and criteria for importing vehicles on the territory of the above-mentioned countries, namely on the regulations of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and the European Union regulations (EU). Both groups of regulations, which are rather compatible, have been thoroughly analyzed with a special emphasis on their application on the territory of Southeast Europe, through the analysis of regulations of all countries and territories individually. Furthermore, the paper deals with short-term predictions by the end of 2012 focused on changes within technical regulations and conditions for importing vehicles. Final considerations include long-term predictions regarding the mentioned regulations on the above-mentioned territory

Advanced rule-based energy management for better fuel economy of hybrid electric tracked vehicle

Sva nedavna tehnološka dostignuća na polju raspodele snage između pogonskih agregata u hibridnim guseničnim vozilima su uglavnom teško primenjiva i teška za izračunavanje što ih čini nepraktičnim za primenu u stvarnom vremenu. U ovom radu predložena je nova strategija upravljanja paralelnim hibridnim električnim guseničnim vozilima zasnovana na robusnoj i jednostavnoj termostatskoj strategiji sa dodatkom nekih karakteristika power-follower strategije (PFCS). Cilj strategije upravljanja je smanjenje potrošnje goriva. Kao referentno vozilo izabrano je borbeno vozilo pešadije BVP M80-A domaće proizvodnje. U svrhu validacije, u Simulink okruženju je kreiran (backward-looking) model realnog vozila. Analiza rezultata pokazuje da predložena strategija upravljanja omogućava uštedu goriva od 12,8%, a istovremeno efikasno održava stanje napunjenosti baterije (SOC). Još bolji rezultati (23,2%) postignuti su primenom predložene strategije na modelu sa dodatim generatorom za dopunu baterije. Zaključeno je da se dodatna poboljšanja mogu postići kombinovanom optimizacijom konstrukcionih parametara vozila i parametara modela upravljanja.All recent technological developments in the field of power distribution in hybrid electric tracked vehicles are often hard to apply and carry high computational burden which makes them impractical for real-time applications. In this paper, a novel control strategy is proposed for parallel hybrid electric tracked vehicle based on robust and easy to implement thermostat strategy with added merits of power follower control strategy (PFCS). The goal of the control strategy is enhanced fuel economy. Serbian infantry fighting vehicle BVP M80-A is chosen as the reference vehicle. For the purpose of validation, a backward-looking, high fidelity model is created in Simulink environment. Investigation of the results indicates that the proposed control strategy offers 12.8% better fuel economy while effectively maintaining battery state of charge (SOC). Even better results (23.2%) were achieved applying the proposed strategy to a model with an additional generator. It is concluded that further improvements can be made with combined sizing and control optimization